3 American Poets Robert Frost, Mary Oliver, and Maya Angelou

3 American Poets- Robert Frost, Mary Oliver, and Maya Angelou Poetry as a literally work in which the expression of ideas and feelings is given strength has had great authors overtime who took different perspectives in this genre of literature. These poets used distinctive rhythm and style to express their styles, poetic themes, outlook on life, and had their share of influence on the American society. This paper uses the basis of these styles, themes, outlook on life and subsequent influence on the American society to compare three prolific poets who ventured into this literature genre: Robert Frost, Mary Oliver, and Maya Angelou. Robert Frost (1874-1963) holds a unique and almost sole position in the career span which mostly encompasses†¦show more content†¦Oliver charts a course in the twenty-six poems of â€Å"Night Traveler† between two worlds, human and natural, where the individual faces loneliness and yearns to transcend the limited human world. Sleeping in the Forest, is the first poem in the â€Å"twelve moons collect ion† where the poet vanishes over and over into the earth, according to Poetry Foundation. In his poetry work. Frost shows off his New England themes liking and uses a unique blend of colloquialism and traditional meters. He also encompasses on themes of self-realization and acceptance. This is evident in his collections â€Å"north of Boston† in the â€Å"new republic,† according to Poetry Foundation. Their themes all took different perspectives on life and the society but they all addressed important life experiences and were both an interpretation of their beliefs. Outlook on life, and their influence on American society Mary Oliver’s work turns towards nature as a source of inspiration it has been and describes her sense of wonder that it instills on her. She writes in â€Å"when the death comes† as follows: I want to say: all my life / I was a bride married to amazement. I was the bridegroom, taking the world into my arms. Her outlook in life was more focused on the strict role nature played in people’s lives which can be seen in her poems; â€Å"the horse†, â€Å"the sun†, and â€Å"the summer day†- Doesnt everything die at last, and too soon? Tell me what is it that you plan to do with your one

The importance of time management Free Essays

There are many reasons to have time management and organization in your office; they both can lead to failure of you or your business, and or your team etc. If you don’t have time management then you will not have the time to ensure you complete the tasks that need to be done and when they are suppose to be done, even worse ensuring that the ones that work under you will not complete what they need to complete. Ensuring that you stick to a tight schedule and pushing through to the final completion is what you need to do to accomplish the job. We will write a custom essay sample on The importance of time management or any similar topic only for you Order Now Time management is important in ensuring that all missions are accomplished proficiently and in a timely manner. When you can maintain your time management you show your leadership ability to accomplish the jobs. When you use time management to accomplish your tasking, this will give you more time to ensure that you can work on your organization. Ensuring that your office stays organized and clean is to ensure that at any given time you can find a form or any information you may need at any time. You need to ensure that you have the space to complete paper work and to ensure you are keeping paper work separated so you don’t lose where your place of work. When you complete your task it is very important to file the completed work to ensure that you keep the work together and don’t lose the information you have already to complete. This helps to ensure that you keep your work together and complete. When you ensure the organization you are normally more proficient. This allows you to work better and faster. When you work time management and office organization you become a more proficient as a leader, employee or as a boss. They work together to ensure success of your career if you take your time and put emplace the program. It’s your career take a hold of it and do what you have to do to ensure success. The 4 components of Office Organization, Filing system- Having a great hard copy filing system is a must, since at any given time a computer could crash, get a virus or just about anything else. A lot of businesses use share drives which load all or the files, work,  pictures and meeting schedules to where everyone involved can look at them, and these can all become corrupt as well. But if you keep hard copies of all your work no matter if the computer system crashes you always can do your research. For example I load drivers packets onto the share drive for the Army so when new soldiers need to be trained they can print off their paperwork needed, but when they come to me I as well keep their file in my filing system, so if they lose their license or move to a new post they can take their entire packet with them showing their training. I also keep all of the tests and files needed on hand in my filing system so that I can copy at any time. This ensures that I will always have my past and future training for all soldiers in my company past and present. Pitch method- This is my personal favorite since it lowers the amount of paper useless information leaving from my desk. This is important so that information that is needed is used and the not needed is trash. It limits what we have to act on; it leaves us with future information as needed and things that need to be acted upon at this very moment. This here ensures that we have the best information for the school, public or the students at the present time. Office flow- Ensuring the flow of the office is very important to anyone and all of us to ensure we get the best results of our time being used. Ensuring you have the best conditions for you in your office so that your comfortable while you work is important to accomplishing the best work you can. Computers- Computers can make almost everyone’s job easier. As a mechanic they have the test equipment that brings up the diagnostic readings that can limit what is wrong with the vehicle. The computer can be organized and set up however that is convenient for you or to give a presentation, or for anyone to use. It can make your job easier. You can ensure proper order while using power point for presentations if you have to give more than one at time. How to cite The importance of time management, Essays

Introduction of Management Competitive Industry

Question: Discuss about theIntroduction of Management for Competitive Industry. Answer: Introduction The organizations are constantly striving to give their best performance so that they can survive well in the competitive industry. The globalization has posed huge challenges for the companies who need to have excellent human resources for carrying out the job functions in an effective manner (Bremmer 2014). It is important to have efficient utilization of the resources of the organization. The human resources need to be motivated so that they can contribute to the organizational success. There are several factors that lead to enhanced motivation level of the employees. The motivated employees are important constituent of organizational effectiveness. This paper would discuss the factors leading to employee motivation and how it contributes to the success of the organizations. Research and Analysis The modern day organizations need to be take care of several things when formulating efficient organizational policies (Wilensky 2015). In the highly competitive work environment, the organizations are facing a difficult time in the retention of their skillful employees. They need to build strong positive bonding with the employees so that they tend to stick to the organizations for longer duration. The motivated employees would deliver the desired performance and would be able to meet the organizational goals (Wilensky 2015). The human resources are the primary assets of an organization that contribute to the organizational prosperity. The motivation can be defined as a desire that causes a person to give elevated performance in an organizational setting (Simons 2013). It can also be defined as an intention that forces the employees to gain accomplishments in a professional environment. It is a capability to alter the behavior of the employees to induce positive outcome. The intended positive performance is essential for the purpose of fulfilling organizational goals. The employee motivation is an important determinant of the employee performance. The performance of the employees is dependent on several factors such as employee motivation, performance appraisals, compensation structure, work environment and others (Mowday Porter and Steers 2013). However, the absence of motivation would not make the other factors to work well. The employee motivation is an important factor which needs to be induced in the employees. This can be done by several methods (Wilensky 2015). The organization needs to take active initiative for the purpose of alleviating the employee motivation. This is because the motivated employees are constantly searching for better work practices even in strenuous circumstances. The motivation levels of the employees can be understood by the application of three theories namely expectancy theory, goal setting theory and equity theory. The perception plays a major role in the motivation level of employees especially in expectancy theo ry (Mowday Porter and Steers 2013). The equity theory specifies the influencing factors of motivation such as attitudes, perceptions and values. The goal setting theory deals with the vision that an employee strives to achieve. There are several factors that lead to the motivation of the employees. The salary package of the employees is an important factor that contributes to the motivation level of the employees (Pinder 2014). The financial as well as the non financial benefits shape the attitudes of the employees. There can be pay hike, increments and promotion that are directly related to the motivation levels of the employees. The compensation structure should be designed in such a manner that it includes parameters such as importance of the job position, competitive salary, performance based pay, personal allowances, special allowances, pensions, paid vacations and others (Tornikoski Suutari and Festing 2014). There should be sufficient leadership capabilities of the senior management that would motivate the employees of the organization. The organization should strive to create a relationship based on trust with the employees. It should engage in making interpersonal relationships with the employees t hat would give them a sense of responsibility in carrying out their jobs effectively (Pinder 2014). The organizations should strive in creating a win-win relationship with the employees which is often considered as an ideal environment for the organizations. The employees must be able to engage in work-life balance so that they feel motivated (Pinder 2014). The employee empowerment would result into delight, enthusiasm and a sense of belonging among the employees. The organizational effectiveness is included within the main agenda of the organizations. It can be defined as the nature of functioning of the organizations so that the organizational goals can be achieved. It is an integral part of enhancing development of the organization as a whole (Scott and Davis 2015). It can be defined as the satisfaction of all the organizational components in the process of conversion of input into output. It is also concerned with the effective utilization of the resources so that the desired output can be achieved. One of the greatest factors in increasing the motivation level of the employees is giving them appropriate recognition. The correct compensation structure which meets industry standards gives a level of satisfaction to the employees (Manzoor 2012). This increases the motivation level of the employees. They get an increased zeal of performing better a contribute more to the organizational effectiveness (Manzoor 2012). The adequate compensation structure enhances the job commitment of the employees which make them to give elevated work performance. Employee empowerment concerns with the contribution of the employees in the decision making activities of the organization. It is concerned with the contribution to the objectives, policies and the strategies of the organization (Fernandez and Moldogaziev 2013). The empowerment of the employees is concerned with their participation in the principles, goals, objectives and decision making activities of the firm. If the employees feel valued about their presence in the organizations, then they would feel good about their role in the organizations (Fernandez and Moldogaziev 2013). The participative decision making would enable the employees to be empowered and hence increase the autonomy in the organizations. It would not only lead to motivation of the employees but also foster trust, effectiveness, efficiency and innovation in the workplace. The organizational effectiveness is directly proportional to the employee satisfaction levels. This in turn is dependent on the motivation level of the employees (Milln et al. 2013). The delighted employees are productive employee who contributes a lot towards the organizational effectiveness (Milln et al. 2013). The satisfied employees harbor the feeling that they are treated fairly in the organization. They are actually content with their positions in the organization and are not likely to work in manners that will not imbalance the situation. There is also an inherent relationship between the leadership and motivation level of the employees (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). The motivation is a part of the leadership behavior and the leaders induce positive motivation in the employees. They place each other on elevated levels of morality and hence motivation level is induced. Effective leadership fosters an environment in which the followers are inspired to follow the path towards the fulfillment of the goals (Chaudhry and Javed 2012). The senior leaders of the organization must take an active part in inspiring the employees to perform better and hence fulfill the organizational effectiveness. Conclusion The motivation level of the employees is important for ensuring the success of the organization. The motivated employees would be delivering optimum results that will ensure the smooth functioning of the organizational processes. The perfect performance of the job tasks along with timely delivery of the jobs is essential for the organizational effectiveness. The different motivation theories are essential in understanding the overall processes of employee motivation. References Bremmer, I., 2014. The new rules of globalization.Harvard Business Review,92(1), pp.103-107. Chaudhry, A.Q. and Javed, H., 2012. Impact of transactional and laissez faire leadership style on motivation.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(7). Fernandez, S. and Moldogaziev, T., 2013. Employee empowerment, employee attitudes, and performance: Testing a causal model.Public Administration Review,73(3), pp.490-506. Manzoor, Q.A., 2012. Impact of employees motivation on organizational effectiveness.Business management and strategy,3(1), p.1. Milln, J.M., Hessels, J., Thurik, R. and Aguado, R., 2013. Determinants of job satisfaction: a European comparison of self-employed and paid employees.Small business economics,40(3), pp.651-670. Mowday, R.T., Porter, L.W. and Steers, R.M., 2013.Employeeorganization linkages: The psychology of commitment, absenteeism, and turnover. Academic press. Pinder, C.C., 2014.Work motivation in organizational behavior. Psychology Press. Scott, W.R. and Davis, G.F., 2015.Organizations and organizing: Rational, natural and open systems perspectives. Routledge. Simons, R., 2013.Levers of control: how managers use innovative control systems to drive strategic renewal. Harvard Business Press. Tornikoski, C., Suutari, V. and Festing, M., 2014. Compensation package of international assignees.The Routledge companion to international human resource management, pp.289-307. Wilensky, H.L., 2015.Organizational intelligence: Knowledge and policy in government and industry(Vol. 19). Quid Pro Books.

Performance Art free essay sample

Performance art is an essentially contested concept: any single definition of it implies the recognition of rival uses. As concepts like democracy or art, it implies productive disagreement with itself. [1] The meaning of the term in the narrower sense is related to postmodernist traditions in Western culture. From about the mid-1960s into the 1970s, often derived from concepts of visual art, with respect to Antonin Artaud, Dada, the Situationists, Fluxus, Installation art, and Conceptual Art, performance art tended to be defined as an antithesis to theatre, challenging orthodox art forms and cultural norms. The ideal had been an ephemeral and authentic experience for performer and audience in an event that could not be repeated, captured or purchased. [2] The in this time widely discussed difference, how concepts of visual arts and concepts of performing arts are utilized, can determine the meanings of a performance art presentation (compare Performance: A Critical Introduction by Marvin Carlson, P. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Art or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 103,2-105,1). Performance art is a term usually reserved to refer to a conceptual art which conveys a content-based meaning in a more drama-related sense, rather than being simple performance for its own sake for entertainment purposes. It largely refers to a performance presented to an audience, but which does not seek to present a conventional theatrical play or a formal linear narrative, or which alternately does not seek to depict a set of fictitious characters in formal scripted interactions. It therefore can include action or spoken word as a communication between the artist and audience, or even ignore expectations of an audience, rather than following a script written beforehand. Some kinds of performance art nevertheless can be close to performing arts. Such performance may utilize a script or create a fictitious dramatic setting, but still constitute performance art in that it does not seek to follow the usual dramatic norm of creating a fictitious setting with a linear script which follows conventional real-world dynamics; rather, it would intentionally seek to satirize or to transcend the usual real-world dynamics which are used in conventional theatrical plays. Performance artists often challenge the audience to think in new and unconventional ways, break conventions of traditional arts, and break down conventional ideas about what art is. As long as the performer does not become a player who repeats a role, performance art can include satirical elements (compare Blue Man Group); utilize robots and machines as performers, as in pieces of the Survival Research Laboratories; involve ritualised elements (e. . Shaun Caton); or borrow elements of any performing arts such as dance, music, and circus. Some artists, e. g. the Viennese Actionists and neo-Dadaists, prefer to use the terms live art, action art, actions, intervention (see art intervention) or manoeuvre to describe their performing activities. As genres of performance art appear body art, fluxus-performance, happening, action poetry, and intermedia.

Rain Forests All The Way Essays - Ecosystems, Free Essays

Rain Forests All The Way Essays - Ecosystems, Free Essays Rain Forests All The Way Rain Forests All the Way The discussions these days are why are the rain forests depleting? Well this research will help change the opinions of many people. Some facts about rain forests are, Tropical rain forests occupy about 7 percent of the earths surface but harbor as much as 50 percent of the worlds plant and animal species. Also about 57 percent of all rain forests remaining are in the tropics in the Western Hemisphere: 30 percent are in Brazil. At the current rate of deforestation, tropical rain forests could be wiped out in 177 years. Less than 5 percent of the worlds tropical rain forests are protected within national parks and reserves (Steve Grant, 2). Rain forests are becoming very scarce and should be taking into concern because depletion of rain forests is a problem. One method of cutting down rain forests is slash-and-burn agriculture. Grant defines slash-and-burn agriculture as Smallholders that are cutting down four or five acres of forest and set it on fire. The resulting ash fertilizes the soils, which are notoriously poor in the tropics (1). Grant explains that now that there is only charred stumps left, a lot of light reaches the ground and is oppressively hot (1). In the past, a logger might take only a few trees per acre. While that would allow more light into the forest floor and raise the risk of fire (Grant, 2). So when people decide to cut down forests they are increasing the risk of fire. Rain forests have been burning up lately. An analysis of satellite by the EDF indicates that burning of rainforest land in Amazon increased 28% from 1996 to 1997 (Amazon rainforest, 1). Research shows A total of 19,115 fires are reported from the NOAA-12 satellite images in the sample in 1996, while 24,549 fires appear in the 1997 data over the period (1). One reason for rampant burning is that Brazils environmental agency has had no legal authority to enforce environmental law since 1989. A bill in the Brazilian congress that would close the loophole passed the Senate earlier this year, but has been blocked by special interests in the Lower House (2). So of the reasons why the burning continues is because of the government and the burning is increasing more and more because we need more land and crops. Since the statistics show that rain forest are getting burned up, the government and people need to start taking concern towards the rain forest. The point of this paper was to persuade people as a whole to take rain forest into concern and act on it. Some solutions to the problem are that the government should take better responsibility and take control of the burning of the rain forest. Also the people can help the government out by understanding the needs of our rain forest.

Biography of Francisco Madero, Led Mexican Revolution

Biography of Francisco Madero, Led Mexican Revolution Francisco I. Madero (October 30, 1873–February 22, 1913) was a reformist politician and writer and president of Mexico from 1911 to 1913. This unlikely revolutionary helped engineer the overthrow of dictator Porfirio Dà ­az by kick-starting the Mexican Revolution. Unfortunately for Madero, he was caught between remnants of Dà ­azs regime and the revolutionaries he unleashed and was deposed and executed in 1913. Fast Facts: Francisco Madero Known For: Father of the Mexican RevolutionBorn: Oct. 30, 1873 in Parras, MexicoParents: Francisco Ignacio Madero Hernndez, Mercedes Gonzlez Trevià ±oDied: Died Feb. 22, 1913 in Mexico City, MexicoSpouse: Sara Pà ©rez Early Life Francisco I. Madero was born on Oct. 30, 1873, in Parras, Coahuila, Mexico, to wealthy parents- by some accounts, the fifth-richest family in Mexico. His father was Francisco Ignacio Madero Hernndez; his mother was Mercedes Gonzlez Trevià ±o. His grandfather, Evaristo Madero, made lucrative investments and was involved in ranching, wine-making, silver, textiles, and cotton. Francisco was well educated, studying in the United States, Austria, and France. When he returned from the U.S., he was placed in charge of some family interests, including the San Pedro de las Colonias hacienda and farm, which he operated at a profit, introducing modern farming methods and improving worker conditions. In January 1903, he married Sara Pà ©rez; they had no children. Early Political Career When Bernardo Reyes, governor of Nuevo Leà ³n, brutally broke up a political demonstration in 1903, Madero became politically involved. Although his early campaigns for office failed, he funded a newspaper that he used to promote his ideas. Madero had to overcome his image to succeed as a politician in macho Mexico. He was small with a high-pitched voice, making it difficult to command respect from soldiers and revolutionaries who saw him as effeminate. He was a vegetarian and teetotaler, considered peculiar in Mexico, and an avowed spiritualist. He claimed to have contact with his dead brother Raà ºl and liberal reformer Benito Juarez, who told him to maintain pressure on Dà ­az. Dà ­az Porfirio Dà ­az was an iron-fisted dictator in power since 1876. Dà ­az had modernized the country, laying miles of train tracks and encouraging industry and foreign investment, but at a cost. The poor lived in abject misery. Miners worked without safety measures or insurance, peasants were kicked off their land, and debt peonage meant that thousands were essentially slaves. He was the darling of international investors, who commended him for â€Å"civilizing† an unruly nation. Dà ­az kept tabs on those who opposed him. The regime controlled the press, and rogue journalists could be jailed without trial for libel or sedition. Dà ­az played politicians and military men against one another, leaving few threats to his rule. He appointed all state governors, who shared the spoils of his crooked but lucrative system. Elections were rigged and only the foolish tried to buck the system. Dà ­az had fought off many challenges, but by 1910 cracks were showing. He was in his late 70s, and the wealthy class he represented worried about his successor. Years of repression meant the rural poor and urban working class loathed Dà ­az and were primed for revolution. A revolt by Cananea copper miners in 1906 in Sonora had to be brutally suppressed, showing Mexico and the world that Diaz was vulnerable. 1910 Elections Dà ­az had promised free elections in 1910. Taking him at his word, Madero organized the Anti-Re-Electionist Party to challenge Diaz and published a bestselling book titled  The Presidential Succession of 1910. Part of Maderos platform was that when Dà ­az came to power in 1876, he claimed he wouldnt seek re-election. Madero insisted that no good came from one man holding absolute power and listed Dà ­azs shortcomings, including the massacre of Maya Indians in the Yucatan, the crooked system of governors, and the Cananea mine incident. Mexicans flocked to see Madero and hear his speeches. He began publishing a newspaper,  El Anti-Re-Electionista, and secured his partys nomination. When it became clear that Madero would win, Dà ­az had most of the Anti-Re-Electionist leaders jailed, including Madero, arrested on a false charge of plotting armed insurrection. Because Madero came from a wealthy, well-connected family, Dà ­az could not simply kill him, as he had two generals who had threatened to run against him in 1910. The election was a sham and Dà ­az â€Å"won.†Ã‚  Madero, bailed out of jail by his wealthy father, crossed the border and set up shop in San Antonio, Texas. He declared the election null and void in his â€Å"Plan of San Luà ­s Potosà ­Ã¢â‚¬  and called for armed revolution. November 20 was set for the revolution to begin. Revolution With Madero in revolt, Dà ­az rounded up and killed many of his supporters. The call to revolution was heeded by many Mexicans. In the state of Morelos,  Emiliano Zapata  raised an army of peasants and harassed wealthy landowners. In the state of Chihuahua,  Pascual Orozco  and  Casulo  Herrera raised sizable armies. One of Herreras captains was ruthless revolutionary  Pancho Villa, who replaced the cautious Herrera and, with Orozco, captured cities in Chihuahua in the name of the revolution. In  February 1911, Madero returned from the U.S. Northern leaders including Villa and Orozco didnt trust him, so in March, his force swollen to 600, Madero led an attack on the federal garrison at Casas Grandes, which was a fiasco. Outgunned, Madero and his men retreated, and Madero was injured. Although it ended badly, Maderos bravery gained him respect among the northern rebels. Orozco, at that time leader of the most powerful rebel army, acknowledged Madero as leader of the revolution. Not long after the battle, Madero met  Villa  and they hit it off despite their differences. Villa knew he was a good bandit and rebel chief, but he was no visionary or politician. Madero  was a man of words, not action, and he considered Villa a Robin Hood,  just the man to oust Dà ­az. Madero allowed his men to join Villas force: His days of soldiering were done. Villa and Orozco pushed toward  Mexico City, scoring victories over federal forces along the way. In the south, Zapatas peasant army was capturing towns in his native state of Morelos, beating superior federal forces with a combination of determination and numbers. In May 1911, Zapata scored a huge, bloody victory over federal forces in the town of Cuautla. Dà ­az could see that his rule was crumbling. Dà ­az Quits Dà ­az negotiated a surrender with Madero, who generously allowed the former dictator to leave the country that month. Madero was greeted as a hero when he rode into Mexico City on June 7, 1911. Once he arrived, however, he made a series of mistakes. As interim president, he accepted Francisco Leà ³n de la Barra, a former Dà ­az crony who coalesced the anti-Madero movement. He also demobilized Orozcos and Villas armies. Maderos Presidency Madero became president in November 1911. Never a true revolutionary, Madero simply felt that Mexico was ready for democracy and Dà ­az should step down. He never intended to carry out radical changes, such as land reform. He spent much of his time as president trying to reassure the privileged class that he wouldnt dismantle the power structure left by Dà ­az. Meanwhile, Zapata, realizing that Madero would never approve real land reform, took up arms again. Leà ³n de la Barra, still interim president and working against Madero, sent  Gen. Victoriano Huerta, a brutal remnant of Dà ­azs regime, to Morelos to contain Zapata. Called back to Mexico City, Huerta began conspiring against Madero. When he became president, Maderos only remaining friend was Villa, whose army was demobilized. Orozco, who hadnt gotten the huge rewards he had expected from Madero, took to the field, and many of his former soldiers joined him. Downfall and Execution The politically naive Madero didnt realize he was surrounded by danger. Huerta was conspiring with American ambassador Henry Lane Wilson to remove Madero, as Fà ©lix Dà ­az, Porfirios nephew, took up arms along with Bernardo Reyes. Although Villa rejoined the fight in favor of Madero, he ended up in a stalemate with Orozco. Madero refused to believe his generals would turn on him. The forces of Fà ©lix Dà ­az entered Mexico City, and a 10-day standoff known as la  decena  trgica (â€Å"the tragic fortnight†) ensued. Accepting Huertas â€Å"protection,† Madero fell into his trap: He was arrested by Huerta on Feb. 18,  1913,  and executed four days later, though Huerta said he was killed when his supporters tried to free him. With Madero gone, Huerta turned on his fellow conspirators and made himself president. Legacy Although he wasnt a radical,  Francisco Madero  was the spark that set off the  Mexican Revolution. He was clever, rich, well-connected, and charismatic enough to get the ball rolling against a weakened Porfirio Dà ­az, but couldnt hold onto power once he attained it. The Mexican Revolution was fought by brutal, ruthless men, and the idealistic  Madero  was out of his depth. Still, his name became a rallying cry, especially for Villa and his men. Villa was disappointed that Madero had failed and spent the rest of the revolution looking for another politician to entrust with the future of his country. Maderos brothers were among Villas staunchest supporters. Later politicians tried and failed to unite the nation until 1920, when Alvaro Obregà ³n seized power, the first to succeed at imposing his will on the unruly factions. Decades later, Madero is seen as a hero by Mexicans, the father of the revolution that did much to level the playing field between rich and poor. He is seen as weak but idealistic, an honest, decent man destroyed by the demons he helped to unleash. He was executed before the bloodiest years of the revolution, so his image is unsullied by later events. Sources McLynn, Frank.  Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution.  Basic Books, 2000.Francisco Madero: President of Mexico. Encyclopedia Brittanica.Francisco Madero. Biography.com.

FINAL EXAM Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

FINAL EXAM - Assignment Example Von Hirsch’s utilitarian justification claims that although punishment causes human suffering, it is good in preventing similar suffering in the future. Ethics plays an important role in correctional and treatment staff to define what should be done to the prisoners and the treatment that they should be given. The prisoners have their rights and so the staff working in the prisons have to adhere to the law that defines how that should be done. As indicated earlier ethics refers to the specific moral standards. The staff has to ensure that the prisoners have access to the basic standards of care. These include access to adequate food, shelter and something to wear. They should also have access to primary medical and psychiatric care. The staff should also uphold anti-bullying programs without favor or fear. Re-integration skills are offered in the prisons to help the prisoners become important when they rejoin their members after their term in jail. The staff should also ensure that all the prisoners are subscribe to the programs that are ongoing to help them become important people in the society after their term. Correction office rs should not be allowed to abuse power. They should be allowed limited authority to ensure that they are also answerable and accountable for their actions. Mutual respect, tolerance and understanding should always prevail among the inmates and the corrective officers. Correction officers should always maintain the professional gap and should involve themselves in issues and relationships that compromise the integrity of their roles and duties. Corrupt practices by the prison staff undermines and neutralizes the administration of justice and destroy public confidence in the system. The correction officers should therefore uphold the ethics that govern their roles. In a bid to restore and maintain ethics in the staff that is working within the prison institution, the management at

Short Story Al Q Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Short Story Al Q - Essay Example More so, there is very little or no evidence that occurrence of terror activities that relate to publication. The 9/11 Museum for instance refused to censor an Al-Qaeda film even amidst criticism (Weiss, 2014). This is because, according to Akbar Ahmed, Chair of Islamic Studies at American University argued that censoring such publications was an offense to the Islamic religion because it would stigmatize the whole world into thinking that terror activities are done by Muslims. To make it clear, John Esposito, an apologist for Islam at the Saudi-funded Prince Talal Center at the Georgetown University insisted that if censorship was to be used, it was then important make sure that â€Å"Muslim terrorism† and â€Å"Islamic terrorism† are two independent terms that needed to be defined separately. Through such explanation, negative ideologies embedded in peoples’ minds that terror activities are purely carried out by Muslims could be dropped. According to reports dating 13th Jan, 2015 on CNN (Wimple, 2005), censoring Al-Qaeda information would only generate news and in return most people would end up reading all contents revolving around the Militia group. Therefore, disassociating from such propagandas, according to the CNN spokesman would be an intelligent way of protecting news reporters from being targeted especially in situations where there is very little evidence to support the claims. CNN host Carol Costello r said, â€Å"CNN will not show you the new cover, which depicts the prophet Muhammad, because it is our policy not to show potentially offensive images of the prophet.† (Wimple, 2005). The statement was made after people claimed that the media was censoring Charlie Hebdo out of fear of Islam (Hemingway, 2015). A critical analysis into the claim indicates that censoring Al-Qaeda publications, especially the Inspire Magazine could be a

The arch Deceiver and Spiv in love Essay Example for Free

The arch Deceiver and Spiv in love Essay In Tony Kytes Tony uses a horse-drawn carriage, so it is expected that he and his family were not poor, but do not own a vast amount of wealth. In Spiv the main character deals on the Black Market, and also appears to be a classy dresser so he owns some amount of money. The way the characters and presented in each story is radically different. Tony Kytes is presented as someone who is looking for a wife and is engaged to Milly, so we expect to find Tony settling down with Milly. The Spiv is presented as someone who takes a small amount of liking to himself. He opens with She was a bit of a drip was old Myra, but absolutely gone on me. Immediately we may think that hes popular with women. He cares a lot about his appearance, and the womens appearance aswell, saying, I cant turn my back on a woman who looks up to me even if I cant bear the sight of her otherwise. He also enjoys a bit of the old flannel, which is flattery, and likes being complimented on his dress sense. Tony Kytes appearance isnt described in as much detail, but he was quite the womens favourite, so we understand he is popular with women. The female characters arent described in as much detail as the main characters, but the females in both stories appear to be lead on by the main characters. In Spiv, Myra is described as someone who he had no intention of sticking with. On one occasion when the spiv is explaining this to Myra, after acknowledging what he says, she goes back to talking about clothes, which is one of his favourite discussion topics, believing she can win him over with it, and it works for so long. In Tony Kytes the females all seem to crave Tonys attention, in particular the character Unity Sallet, who questions Tonys decision to marry Milly. Unity asks him if hes seen anything to complain about, if she is prettier than Milly, and reminds Tony that they have known each other for a long time, since childhood. In Spiv we dont learn much about Eunice, the spivs steady, other than that she was a real classy dresser and different as chalk from Myra. Generally the stories arent intentionally humourous, but do contain small amounts of amusing parts. In the spivs story it is funny to learn how in a rough-house with the Hammersmith Gang, he cares more about his bleedin titfer (his hat) then he does about his black eye. In Tonys story an element of slapstick comedy is used where the three girls are quarrelling in the cart, and as the cart tips over, out roll the three maidens into the road in a heap. Despite the stories not being intentionally humourous, in the end it is amusing how both men struggle to find happiness with more than one woman, and end up with either the woman they started out with in the first place, or alone (in Tony Kytes and Spiv respectively). Both stories are narrated in the first person, and both stories are narrated in a similar style to the dialogue of the characters. In Tony Kytes the narrator uses thee and ee, and in Spiv the story is told by the spiv himself. This technique places a sense of realism in the story, bringing us closer to the story than if the narrative was written in standard English. During the times these stories were set, a womans career was to marry and look after the home. A man leading women on or taking on a couple of women wasnt too uncommon, because the man was, without being too sexist, the dominant sex, and needed to find a good woman to settle down with. Times have changed since then, and so by reading this I find that the behaviour of the main characters is not strictly unacceptable, but immoral. Over the last century, women have become more independent and have earned more respect, and will not be lead on by a man as easily as in the stories. During the times in which they were set it wouldnt have been seen as wrong as such, but still during both settings a woman might have taken offence to either Tonys or the spivs actions. I think that placing the stories into different social and historical contexts would bring out different reactions, but the idea of a woman not being a slave to a male is the issue raised in both stories. Shaun Collier 7/2/2001 Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Miscellaneous section.

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I read the essay â€Å"Anorexia Nervosa† by Nancie Brosseau, it is a true story of her battle with anorexia and how looking just right pushed her too far. Body image is a growing epidemic in society among girls and even boys. Everywhere you go, I think the perception of looking a certain way and being a certain size is faced. Teens will push themselves as far as they possibly can until they look just right and even after they get there, they are so controlled by it all, that they can’t stop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The story is about a fourteen-year-old girl who decides that she wants to lose weight. It starts off with her only wanting to lose about ten pounds. But when she realizes how good and freeing it was to lose the weight, she wants to lose more. She starts to lose large amounts of weight, and because of this her body starts to change dramatically. Brosseau describes what the eating disorder did to her body, how it changed everything physically and mentally about her body and her mind. It changed the appearance of her body from head to toe. The disorder made her so weak and brittle that her bones would break instantly when she did something. I think the most wrenching thing she described was when she could see her heart beating through her shirt.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the story Brosseau also describes about what the disorder did to her mind, and the games it played with her. Anorexia caused her to lie, sneak around, and become depressed. She would lie to her parents, teachers, doctors, and even herself. She would have to force herself to throw her food away and make up excuses on how she had already eaten. Brosseau would have to sneak around behind the backs of people she loved and hurt them, all because of what the disorder was doing to her. I think the worst effect the disorder caused was the how depressed it caused Brosseau to be. It brought her to such a low that she had no clue what she was doing to her body. The extent she was going to just to make herself look and feel a certain way. It pushed her to punish herself for being the size she was and made her beat herself up for it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anorexia is a serious disorder; I think everyone has their own views on what

Perception and Sensation

In psychology we tend to study sensation due to our ways of organizing and responding to the world depend a great deal on the way which our senses filter or select from the stimuli, or information, around us. We come to know our world primarily through our senses, and often what we sense often affect our behaviour. Definition of sensation: Any fundamental experience of events from within or without the body that results from simulation of some receptor system. Sensation is distinguished from perception in that perception requires the interpretation of a sensation.This distinction is somewhat arbitrary(absolute), however, because some perception of a sensation must occur before awareness of that sensation is possible. To put it in a simpler explanation: Although intimately related, sensation and perception play two complementary but different roles in how we interpret our world. Sensation refers to the process of sensing our environment through touch, taste, sight, sound, and smell. T his information is sent to our brains in raw form where perception comes into play. Perception is the way we interpret these sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us.Simple example of sensation and perception are: Sensation: Physical response. Information which is gathered through one of the human five senses, like touching a guitar string and the feeling of the string structure. Perception: Our mental response towards the sensation, like seeing an electric guitar and thinking of rock and roll. So how do sensation and perception work together? When sensation occurs, the sensory organs absorbs energy from a physical stimulus in the environment and then the sensory receptors convert this energy into neural impulses and send them to the brain.And then perception follows via the brain process of organizing the information and translate it into something â€Å"meaningful†. The term â€Å"meaningful† in the above context is how the brain determine whether the information is important and whether it should be focused on. We can determine this by using a process called Psychophysics. Psychophysics can be defined as, the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience. In psychophysics there are two process that can be done to measure the importance of the information that have been gather, Selective Attention and Perceptual Expectancy.Selective Attention is a process of discriminating between what is important and is irrelevant and is influenced by motivation. For example, students in a lecture class should be focusing on what the lecturer is saying and the overheads that are being presented. When a student who doesn't take the lecture walk by the classroom, the student may be focusing on the people in the room, who is the teacher, etc and not the same thing the student in the class. Perceptual Expectancy is how we perceive the world is a function of our past experience,culture and our biological makeup.For i nstances, as a local Malaysian city dweller, when I look at a highway I expect to see cars, trucks, etc, NOT airplanes. But for someone from the rural area, aboriginal folks perhaps, who have different experiences and history, they might not have any idea what to expect and thus be surprise when they see cars go driving by. A simpler explanation for perceptual expectancy can be describe with the situation when we look at a picture or painting perhaps, we might not have any idea what the message that they are trying to convey.But if someone tells you about it, you might be begin to see things in the picture or painting that you were unable to see before. Here is an experiment to test perceptual expectancy. From the picture given above, can you find the hidden tiger? Anyway, in order to measure these psychophysics events psychologist use threshold. A threshold is a dividing line between what has detectable energy and what does not. For example, no matter how bright X-ray light is, you annot see it or although there are some delicate instruments that mighth be able to sense the light from a match struck on a mountaintop 50 miles away on a dark night, your eyes would not be able to. The amount of energy required to create a noticeable sensation is called absolute threshold. A certain amount of energy is required before you can detect a stimulus hence, the existing energy must fluctuate a certain amount before you can detect a certain change in the a stimulus. This minimum amount of energy fluctuation is known as difference threshold. It can also called the Just Noticeable Difference (JND).Difference threshold also can change depending on the person’s physical condition or motivation or on the qualities of the stimulus being tested. For example, when you pick up a 5kg weight and then a 10kg weight, you can feel a big difference between those two. However if you pick up a 50kg and then 55kg, it is much more difficult to feel the difference. Weber’s Law stated that the larger or the stronger the stimulus, the larger or the change required for an observer to notice a difference. The smallest difference in intensity between two stimuli that can be readily detected is a constant fraction of the original stimulus.Last but not least there is the Signal Detection Theory where the detection of a stimulus involves some decision making process as well as sensory process. Additionally both sensory and decision making process are influenced by many more factors than just intensify. * Noise:- The factors of how much outside interference that exist that might influence the sensory and decision making process. * Criterion:- The level of assurance that you decide must be met before you take action. It involves higher mental processes. You set the criterion based on expectation and consequences of inaccuracy.Most people consider that there are five ways to sense, seeing, hearing, tasting, smelling and touching. In reality, there are any more than just these five but ultimately these five are consider the main or standard senses. VISION. Researchers have studied vision more thoroughly than the other senses. Because people need sight to perform most daily activities, the sense of sight has evolved to be highly sophisticated. Vision, however, would not exist without the presence of light. Light is electromagnetic radiation that travels in the form of waves.Light is emitted from the sun, stars, fire, and light bulbs. Most other objects just reflect light. The usual vision system works on sensing and perceiving light waves. Light waves vary in their length and amplitude: * wave length (also referred to as frequency, since the longer a wave, the less often/quickly it occurs) – affects color perception (ex. , red=approx 700, yellow approx 600) * wave amplitude (this is the size/height of the wave) – affects brightness perception. People experience light as having three features: color,brightness, and saturation.These three types of experiences come from three corresponding characteristics of light waves: * The color or hue of light depends on its wavelength, the distance between the peaks of its waves. * The brightness of light is related to intensity or the amount of light an object emits or reflects. Brightness depends on light wave amplitude, the height of light waves. Brightness is also somewhat influenced by wavelength. Yellow light tends to look brighter than reds or blues. * Saturation or colorfulness depends on light complexity, the range of wavelengths in light. The color of a single wavelength is pure spectral color.Such lights are called fully saturated. Outside a laboratory, light is rarely pure or of a single wavelength. Light is usually a mixture of several different wavelengths. The greater number of spectral colors in a light, the lower the saturation. Light of mixed wavelengths looks duller or paler than pure light. Wavelength ——; Color| Amplitude —— ; Brightness| Complexity ——; SaturationRainbows and LightsWhite light: Completely unsaturated. It is a mixture of all wavelengths of light. The visible spectrum: Includes the colors of the rainbow, which are red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.Ultraviolet light: The kind of light that causes sunburns. It has a wavelength somewhat shorter than the violet light at the end of the visible spectrum. Infrared radiation: Has a wavelength somewhat longer than the red light at the other end of the visible spectrum. STRUCTURE OF THE EYEThe process of vision cannot be understood without some knowledge about the structure of the eye: * The sclera is the white, elastic outer covering of the eye. * The cornea is the transparent outer bulge in front of the eye through which light waves pass * The iris is the pigmented muscular membrane that control the aperture in the center of the pupil.The iris determines the amount of light that enters the eye. * The iris surround s an opening called the pupil, the dark circular aperture in the center of the iris of the eye that admits light. The pupil can get bigger or smaller to allow different amounts of light through the lens to the back of the eye. In bright light, the pupil contracts to restrict light intake; in dim light, the pupil expands to increase light intake. * The lens is the transparent biconvex structure of the eye behind the iris and pupil that focuses light rays entering through the pupil to form an image on the retina.The lens can adjust its shape to focus light from objects that are near or far away. This process is called accommodation. * Light passing through the cornea, pupil, and lens falls onto the retina at the back of the eye. The retina is the delicate multilayer light sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball It consists of layers of ganglion cells,bipolar cells and photoreceptor cells called rods and cones. The image that falls on the retina is always upside down. * The ganglio n cells are the nerve cells of the retina, which receive impulses from rods and cones via the bipolar cells and transmit those impulses to the brain. Optic nerve are the bundle of nerve fibers connecting the retina and the brain. * Bipolar cells are the cells that collect and consolidate visual information. A particular bipolar cell is either rod driven or cone driven, meaning that the cell receives information from either groups of rods or groups of cones but never from a minute of the two. Bipolar cells transmit to the ganglion cells a ratio derived from the signals they receive from the photoreceptors and nearby horizontal cells. * Horizontal cells are the retina cells with short dendrites and long axons that extend horizontally, linking rods and cones with other cones.Each of these cells fires according to the average light intensity generated by the photoreceptors in its immediate neighbourhood. Horizontal cells are thought to influence the opposing color color processes(such a s red and green, blue and yellow) are probably responsible, in part for negative afterimages and other opponent-process effects. * Amacrine cells are the large retinal neurons that connect ganglion cells laterally. There are at least 30 different varieties of amacrine cells. Image reflection appears to be one of their many functions. The functions of most amacrine cells are unknown. The center of the retina, the fovea, is where vision is sharpest. This explains why people look directly at an object they want to inspect. This causes the image to fall onto the fovea, where vision is clearest. EYE TROUBLENearsightedness is the inability to clearly see distant objects. Farsightedness is the inability to clearly see close objects. A cataract is a lens that has become opaque, resulting in impaired vision. Blind spot is the region of the retina where the optic nerve attaches and where there are no photoreceptors. The fovea is also a blind spot when something is viewed in very dim light.Rod s and ConesThe retina has millions of photoreceptors called rods and cones. Photoreceptors are specialized cells that respond to light stimuli. There are many more rods than cones. The long, narrow cells, called rods, are highly sensitive to light and allow vision even in dim conditions. There are no rods in the fovea, which is why vision becomes hazy in dim light. However, the area just outside the fovea contains many rods, and these allow peripheral vision. Because rods are so sensitive to light, in dim lighting conditions peripheral vision is sharper than direct vision.Example: People can often see a star in the night sky if they look a little to the side of the star instead of directly at it. Looking to the side utilizes peripheral vision and makes the image of the star fall onto the periphery of the retina, which contains most of the rods. Cones are cone-shaped cells that can distinguish between different wavelengths of light, allowing people to see in color. Cones don’t work well in dim light, however, which is why people have trouble distinguishing colors at night. The fovea has only cones, but as the distance from the fovea increases, the umber of cones decreases. | Feature| Rods| Cones| Shape| Long and narrow| Cone-shaped| Sensitivity to light| High: help people to see in dim light| Low: help people to see in bright light| Help color vision| No| Yes| Present in fovea| No| Yes| Abundant in periphery of retina| Yes| No| Allow peripheral vision| Yes| No| ADAPTATION TO LIGHT Dark adaptation is the process by which receptor cells sensitize to light, allowing clearer vision in dim light. Light adaptation is the process by which receptor cells desensitize to light, allowing clearer vision in bright light. Connection to the Optic NerveRods and cones connect via synapses to bipolar neurons, which then connect to other neurons called ganglion cells. The axons of all the ganglion cells in the retina come together to make up the optic nerve. The optic nerv e connects to the eye at a spot in the retina called the optic disk. The optic disk is also called the blind spot because it has no rods or cones. Any image that falls on the blind spot disappears from view. Transmission of Visual Information Visual information travels from the eye to the brain as follows: * Light reflected from an object hits the retina’s rods and cones. Rods and cones send neural signals to the bipolar cells. * Bipolar cells send signals to the ganglion cells. * Ganglion cells send signals through the optic nerve to the brain. Bipolar and ganglion cells gather and compress information from a large number of rods and cones. The rods and cones that send information to a particular bipolar or ganglion cell make up that cell’s receptive field. Ganglion cell axons from the inner half of each eye cross over to the opposite half of the brain. This means that each half of the brain receives signals from both eyes.Signals from the eyes’ left sides go t o the left side of the brain, and signals from the eyes’ right sides go to the right side of the brain. The diagram below illustrates this process. Visual Processing in the Brain After being processed in the thalamus and different areas of the brain, visual signals eventually reach the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the brain’s cerebrum. In the 1960s, David Hubel and Torsten Wiesel demonstrated that highly specialized cells called feature detectors respond to these visual signals in the primary visual cortex.Feature detectors are neurons that respond to specific features of the environment, such as lines and edges. From the visual cortex, visual signals often travel on to other parts of the brain, where more processing occurs. Cells deeper down the visual processing pathway are even more specialized than those in the visual cortex. Psychologists theorize that perception occurs when a large number of neurons in different parts of the brain activate. Thes e neurons may respond to various features of the perceived object such as edges, angles, shapes, movement, brightness, and texture.Color Vision Objects in the world seem to be brightly colored, but they actually have no color at all. Red cars, green leaves, and blue sweaters certainly exist—but their color is a psychological experience. Objects only produce or reflect light of different wavelengths and amplitudes. Our eyes and brains then convert this light information to experiences of color. Color vision happens because of two different processes, which occur in sequence: * The first process occurs in the retina and is explained by the trichromatic theory. The second process occurs in retinal ganglion cells and in cells in the thalamus and visual cortex. The opponent process theory explains this process. These two theories are explained below. The Trichromatic Theory Thomas Young and Hermann von Helmholtz proposed the trichromatic theory, or Young-Helmholtz theory. This the ory states that the retina contains three types of cones, which respond to light of three different wavelengths, corresponding to red, green, or blue. Activation of these cones in different combinations and to different degrees results in the perception of other colors. Color MixingMixing lights of different colors is called additive color mixing. This process adds wavelengths together and results in more light. Mixing paints, on the other hand, is called subtractive color mixing, a process that removes wavelengths so that there is less light. If red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet light were mixed, the result would be white light. If the same color paints were mixed together, the result would be a dark, muddy color. The trichromatic theory also accounts for color blindness, a hereditary condition that affects a person’s ability to distinguish between colors.Most color-blind people are dichromats, which means they are sensitive to only two of the three wavele ngths of light. Dichromats are usually insensitive either to red or green, but sometimes they cannot see blue. The Opponent Process Theory Ewald Hering proposed the opponent process theory. According to this theory, the visual system has receptors that react in opposite ways to three pairs of colors. The three pairs of colors are red versus green, blue versus yellow, and black versus white. Some receptors are activated by wavelengths corresponding to red light and are turned off by wavelengths corresponding to green light.Other receptors are activated by yellow light and turned off by blue light. Still others respond oppositely to black and white. Opponent process theory explains why most people perceive four primary colors: red, green, blue, and yellow. If trichromatic theory alone fully explained color vision, people would perceive only three primary colors, and all other colors would be combinations of these three colors. However, most people think of yellow as primary rather tha n as a mixture of colors. Opponent process theory also accounts for complementary or negative afterimages.Afterimages are colors perceived after other, complementary colors are removed. Example: If Jack stares at a picture of a red square, wavelengths corresponding to red will activate the matching receptors in his visual system. For the sake of simplicity, these matching receptors can be referred to as red receptors. Anything that makes red receptors increase firing will be seen as red, so Jack will see the square as red. Anything that decreases the firing of red receptors will be seen as green. If Jack stares at the square for a while, the red receptors will get tired out and start to fire less.Then if he looks at a blank white sheet of paper, he will see a green square. The decreased firing of the red receptors produces an experience of a green afterimage. Form Perception The ability to see separate objects or forms is essential to daily functioning. Suppose a girl sees a couple in the distance with their arms around each other. If she perceived them as a four-legged, two-armed, two-headed person, she’d probably be quite disturbed. People can make sense of the world because the visual system makes sensible interpretations of the information the eyes pick up.Gestalt psychology, a school of thought that arose in Germany in the early twentieth century, explored how people organize visual information into patterns and forms. Gestalt psychologists noted that the perceived whole is sometimes more than the sum of its parts. An example of this is the phi phenomenon, or stroboscopic movement, which is an illusion of movement that happens when a series of images is presented very quickly, one after another. Example: The phi phenomenon is what gives figures and objects in movies the illusion of movement.In reality, a movie is a series of still images presented in rapid succession. Gestalt Principles Gestalt psychologists described several principles people use to make sense of what they see. These principles include figure and ground, proximity, closure, similarity, continuity, and simplicity: * Figure and ground: One of the main ways people organize visual information is to divide what they see into figure and ground. Figure is what stands out, and ground is the background in which the figure stands. People may see an object as figure if it appears larger or brighter relative to the background.They may also see an object as figure if it differs noticeably from the background or if it moves against a static environment. * Proximity: When objects lie close together, people tend to perceive the objects as a group. For example, in the graphic below, people would probably see these six figures as two groups of three. * Closure: People tend to interpret familiar, incomplete forms as complete by filling in gaps. People can easily recognize the following figure as the letter k in spite of the gaps. * Similarity: People tend to group similar obje cts together.In the next figure, people could probably distinguish the letter T because similar dots are seen as a group. * Continuity: When people see interrupted lines and patterns, they tend to perceive them as being continuous by filling in gaps. The next figure is seen as a circle superimposed on a continuous line rather than two lines connected to a circle. * Simplicity: People tend to perceive forms as simple, symmetrical figures rather than as irregular ones. This figure is generally seen as one triangle superimposed on another rather than a triangle with an angular piece attached to it. Depth PerceptionTo figure out the location of an object, people must be able to estimate their distance from that object. Two types of cues help them to do this: binocular cues and monocular cues. Binocular Cues Binocular cues are cues that require both eyes. These types of cues help people to estimate the distance of nearby objects. There are two kinds of binocular cues: retinal disparity a nd convergence. * Retinal disparity marks the difference between two images. Because the eyes lie a couple of inches apart, their retinas pick up slightly different images of objects. Retinal disparity increases as the eyes get closer to an object.The brain uses retinal disparity to estimate the distance between the viewer and the object being viewed. * Convergence is when the eyes turn inward to look at an object close up. The closer the object, the more the eye muscles tense to turn the eyes inward. Information sent from the eye muscles to the brain helps to determine the distance to the object. Monocular Cues Monocular cues are cues that require only one eye. Several different types of monocular cues help us to estimate the distance of objects: interposition, motion parallax, relative size and clarity, texture gradient, linear perspective, and light and shadow. Interposition: When one object is blocking part of another object, the viewer sees the blocked object as being farther a way. * Motion parallax or relative motion: When the viewer is moving, stationary objects appear to move in different directions and at different speeds depending on their location. Relatively close objects appear to move backward. The closer the object, the faster it appears to move. Distant objects appear to move forward. The further away the object, the slower it appears to move. * Relative size: People see objects that make a smaller image on the retina as farther away. Relative clarity: Objects that appear sharp, clear, and detailed are seen as closer than more hazy objects. * Texture gradient: Smaller objects that are more thickly clustered appear farther away than objects that are spread out in space. * Linear perspective: Parallel lines that converge appear far away. The more the lines converge, the greater the perceived distance. * Light and shadow: Patterns of light and shadow make objects appear three-dimensional, even though images of objects on the retina are two-dimensi onal. Creating PerspectiveArtists use monocular cues to give a three-dimensional appearance to two-dimensional pictures. For instance, if an artist wanted to paint a landscape scene with a straight highway on it, she would show the edges of the highway as two parallel lines gradually coming together to indicate that the highway continues into the distance. If she wanted to paint cars on the highway, she would paint bigger cars if she wanted them to seem closer and smaller cars if she wanted them to seem farther away. Perceptual Constancy Another important ability that helps people make sense of the world is perceptual constancy.Perceptual constancy is the ability to recognize that an object remains the same even when it produces different images on the retina. Example: When a man watches his wife walk away from him, her image on his retina gets smaller and smaller, but he doesn’t assume she’s shrinking. When a woman holds a book in front of her face, its image is a rec tangle. However, when she puts it down on the table, its image is a trapezoid. Yet she knows it’s the same book. Although perceptual constancy relates to other senses as well, visual constancy is the most studied phenomenon.Different kinds of visual constancies relate to shape, color, size, brightness, and location. * Shape constancy: Objects appear to have the same shape even though they make differently shaped retinal images, depending on the viewing angle. * Size constancy: Objects appear to be the same size even though their images get larger or smaller as their distance decreases or increases. Size constancy depends to some extent on familiarity with the object. For example, it is common knowledge that people don’t shrink. Size constancy also depends on perceived distance.Perceived size and perceived distance are strongly related, and each influences the other. * Brightness constancy: People see objects as having the same brightness even when they reflect differen t amounts of light as lighting conditions change. * Color constancy: Different wavelengths of light are reflected from objects under different lighting conditions. Outdoors, objects reflect more light in the blue range of wavelengths, and indoors, objects reflect more light in the yellow range of wavelengths. Despite this, people see objects as having the same color whether they are outdoors or indoors because of two factors.One factor is that the eyes adapt quickly to different lighting conditions. The other is that the brain interprets the color of an object relative to the colors of nearby objects. In effect, the brain cancels out the extra blueness outdoors and the extra yellowness indoors. * Location constancy: Stationary objects don’t appear to move even though their images on the retina shift as the viewer moves around. Visual Illusions The brain uses Gestalt principles, depth perception cues, and perceptual constancies to make hypotheses about the world. However, the brain sometimes misinterprets information from the senses and makes incorrect hypotheses.The result is an optical illusion. An illusion is a misinterpretation of a sensory stimulus. Illusions can occur in other senses, but most research has been done on visual illusions. In the famous Muller-Lyer illusion shown here, the vertical line on the right looks longer than the line on the left, even though the two lines are actually the same length. This illusion is probably due to misinterpretation of depth perception cues. Because of the attached diagonal lines, the vertical line on the left looks like the near edge of a building, and the vertical line on the right looks like the far edge of a room.The brain uses distance cues to estimate size. The retinal images of both lines are the same size, but since one appears nearer, the brain assumes that it must be smaller. Perceptual Set The Muller-Lyer illusion doesn’t fool everyone equally. Researchers have found that people who live i n cities experience a stronger illusion than people who live in forests. In other words, city-dwelling people see the lines as more different in size. This could be because buildings and rooms surround city dwellers, which prepares them to see the lines as inside and outside edges of buildings.The difference in the strength of the illusion could also be due to variations in the amount of experience people have with making three-dimensional interpretations of two-dimensional drawings. Cultural differences in the tendency to see illusions illustrate the importance of perceptual set. Perceptual set is the readiness to see objects in a particular way based on expectations, experiences, emotions, and assumptions. Perceptual set influences our everyday perceptions and how we perceive reversible figures, which are ambiguous drawings that can be interpreted in more than one way.For example, people might see a vase or two faces in this famous figure, depending on what they’re led to e xpect. Selective Attention Reversible figures also illustrate the concept of selective attention, the ability to focus on some bits of sensory information and ignore others. When people focus on the white part of the figure, they see a vase, and when they focus on the black part of it, they see two faces. To use the language of Gestalt psychology, people can choose to make the vase figure and the face ground or vice versa.Selective attention allows people to carry on day-to-day activities without being overwhelmed by sensory information. Reading a book would be impossible if the reader paid attention to not only the words on the page but also all the things in his peripheral vision, all the sounds around him, all the smells in the air, all the information his brain gets about his body position, air pressure, temperature, and so on. He wouldn’t get very far with the book. Context Effects Another factor that influences perception is the context of the perceiver. People’s immediate surroundings create expectations that make them see in particular ways.Example: The figure below can be seen either as a sequence of letters, A B C, or a sequence of numbers, 12 13 14, depending on whether it is scanned across or down. HEARING Hearing, or audition, depends on the presence of sound waves, which travel much more slowly than light waves. Sound waves are changes in pressure generated by vibrating molecules. The physical characteristics of sound waves influence the three psychological features of sound: loudness, pitch, and timbre. * Loudness depends on the amplitude, or height, of sound waves. The greater the amplitude, the louder the sound perceived. Amplitude is measured in decibels.The absolute threshold of human hearing is defined as 0 decibels. Loudness doubles with every 10-decibel increase in amplitude. A Whisper to a Scream The loudness of normal human conversation is about sixty decibels. A whisper is about twenty decibels. A shout right into someone ’s ear is about 115 decibels. Being exposed to sounds that are over 120 decibels, even for brief periods, can damage the auditory system. * Pitch, though influenced by amplitude, depends most on the frequency of sound waves. Frequency is the number of times per second a sound wave cycles from the highest to the lowest point.The higher the frequency, the higher the pitch. Frequency is measured in hertz, or cycles per second. Frequency also affects loudness, with higher-pitched sounds being perceived as louder. Amplitude and frequency of sound waves interact to produce the experiences of loudness and pitch. What’s Audible? Humans can hear sounds that are between 20 and 20,000 hertz. * Timbre, or the particular quality of a sound, depends on thecomplexity of a sound wave. A pure tone has sound waves of only one frequency. Most sound waves are a mixture of different frequencies. The Structure of the EarKnowing the basic structure of the ear is essential to understanding ho w hearing works. The ear has three basic parts: the outer ear, the middle ear, and the inner ear. The visible part of the ear is the pinna, which collects sound waves and passes them along the auditory canal to a membrane called the eardrum. When sound waves hit the eardrum, it vibrates. The eardrum transmits the vibration to three bones, or ossicles, in the middle ear, which are called the hammer, the anvil, and the stirrup. The diagram of the ear shows how they got these names: they actually look like a hammer, an anvil, and a stirrup.In response to the vibration, these ossicles move one after another. Their function is to amplify the sound vibrations. From the ossicles, vibrations move through a membrane called the oval window to the cochlea of the inner ear. The cochlea is a coiled, fluid-filled tunnel. Inside the cochlea are receptors called cilia or hair cells that are embedded in the basilar membrane. The basilar membrane runs along the whole length of the coiled cochlea. Vib rations that reach the inner ear cause the fluid in the cochlea to move in waves. These waves in turn make the hair cells move.The movement triggers impulses in neurons that connect with the hair cells. The axons of these neurons come together to form the auditory nerve, which sends impulses from the ear to the brain. In the brain, the thalamus and the auditory cortex, which is in the temporal lobe of the cerebrum, receive auditory information. Pitch Perception Two theories explain how people distinguish the pitch of different sounds: place theory and frequency theory. Place theory explains how people discriminate high-pitched sounds that have a frequency greater than 5000 Hz.Place theory states that sound waves of different frequencies trigger receptors at different places on the basilar membrane. The brain figures out the pitch of the sound by detecting the position of the hair cells that sent the neural signal. Frequency theory explains how people discriminate low-pitched sounds that have a frequency below 1000 Hz. According to frequency theory, sound waves of different frequencies make the whole basilar membrane vibrate at different rates and therefore cause neural impulses to be sent at different rates.Pitch is determined by how fast neural signals move along to the brain. The detection of moderately pitched sounds, with a frequency between 1000 and 5000 Hz, is explained by both place theory and frequency theory. To discriminate among these sounds, the brain uses a code based both on where the neural impulses originated and how quickly neural impulses move. Locating Sounds In the same way that people use two eyes to perceive depth, people use two ears to locate the origin of sounds. The left ear receives sound waves coming from the left slightly faster than the right ear does.The signal received by the left ear may also be a little more intense than that received in the right ear, because the signal has to go around the head to enter the right ear. Locati ng a sound is difficult if both ears receive a signal of exactly the same intensity at exactly the same time, as when a sound originates from directly in front, directly behind, or directly above. Turning the head or cocking it to one side can help circumvent this difficulty. TASTE AND SMELL. Taste and smell are chemical senses. As light waves stimulate vision and sound waves stimulate sound, chemicals stimulate taste and smell. TASTETaste, or gustation, happens when chemicals stimulate receptors in the tongue and throat, on the inside of the cheeks, and on the roof of the mouth. These receptors are inside taste buds, which in turn are inside little bumps on the skin called papillae. Taste receptors have a short life span and are replaced about every ten days. For a long time, researchers believed in the existence of four tastes: salty, sweet, sour, and bitter. Recently, researchers have suggested the presence of a fifth taste called umami. The spice monosodium glutamate (MSG) has a n umami taste, as do many protein-rich foods. Taste is also strongly influenced by smell.SMELL Smell, or olfaction, happens when chemicals in the air enter the nose during the breathing process. Smell receptors lie in the top of the nasal passage. They send impulses along the olfactory nerve to the olfactory bulb at the base of the brain. Researchers theorize that there are a great many types of olfactory receptors. People perceive particular smells when different combinations of receptors are stimulated. Remembrance of Smells Past The sense of smell is closely connected with memory. Most people have had the experience of smelling something, maybe a certain perfume or spice, and suddenly experiencing a strong emotional memory.Researchers don’t know exactly why this happens, but they theorize that smell and memory trigger each other because they are processed in neighboring regions of the brain. POSITION MOVEMENT AND BALANCE Kinesthesis is the sense of the position and movemen t of body parts. Through kinesthesis, people know where all the parts of their bodies are and how they are moving. Receptors for kinesthesis are located in the muscles, joints, and tendons. The sense of balance or equilibrium provides information about where the body exists in space.The sense of balance tells people whether they are standing up, falling in an elevator, or riding a roller coaster. The sensory system involved in balance is called the vestibular system. The main structures in the vestibular system are three fluid-filled tubes calledsemicircular canals, which are located in the inner ear. As the head moves, the fluid in the semicircular canals moves too, stimulating receptors called hair cells, which then send impulses to the brain. TOUCH he sense of touch is really a collection of several senses, encompassing pressure, pain, cold, and warmth.The senses of itch and tickle are related to pressure, and burn injuries are related to pain. Touch receptors are stimulated by m echanical, chemical, and thermal energy. Pressure seems to be the only kind of touch sense that has specific receptors. The Gate-Control Theory of Pain Researchers don’t completely understand the mechanics of pain, although they do know that processes in the injured part of the body and processes in the brain both play a role. In the 1960s, Ronald Melzack and Patrick Wall proposed an important theory about pain called the gate-control theory of pain.Gate-control theorystates that pain signals traveling from the body to the brain must go through a gate in the spinal cord. If the gate is closed, pain signals can’t reach the brain. The gate isn’t a physical structure like a fence gate, but rather a pattern of neural activity that either stops pain signals or allows them to pass. Signals from the brain can open or shut the gate. For example, focusing on pain tends to increase it, whereas ignoring the pain tends to decrease it. Other signals from the skin senses can also close the gate. This process explains why massage, ice, and heat relieve pain.

John Quincy Adams: Domestic and Foreign Policy Essay

Adams believed strongly that it was constitutional and appropriate for the federal government to sponsor broad programs to improve American society and prosperity. He backed Henry Clay’s proposed â€Å"American System,† envisioning a national marketplace in which North and South, town and country, were tied together by trade and exchange. To realize this vision, Adams proposed to Congress an ambitious program involving the construction of roads, canals, educational institutions, and other initiatives. Lacking congressional allies, however, Adams was unable to maneuver most of these programs into law. Congress also blocked many of his foreign initiatives. His support of the so-called Tariff of Abominations of 1828, which protected American interests but caused higher prices, cost him popularity among the voters. John Quincy Adams’s administration achieved a mixed record in foreign affairs during his presidency. On the one hand, it substantially opened up trade through commercial treaties with a variety of nations, including Austria, Brazil, the Central American federation, Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, which granted the United States reciprocal trading rights. Adams arranged to extend indefinitely a commercial convention with Britain and resolved outstanding questions regarding British seizure of property during the War of 1812. On the other hand, President Adams was prevented from resolving the ongoing issue of trade with the British West Indies, and rivals in Congress were determined to deny him any mark of success and thwarted his other efforts. For example, when the new Latin American republics, which had formerly been Spanish colonies, convened a congress in Panama to promote cooperation in the Western Hemisphere, they logically asked for delegates to attend from the American President who had authored the Monroe Doctrine. When Adams requested funding to send two delegates, southern congressmen strongly objected. The new Latin American nations had outlawed slavery, and southerners feared that the conference might call for a united stand in favor of emancipation everywhere in the hemisphere. Others did not like the idea of American ministers’ meeting with black and mixed-race foreigners on equal terms. Jacksonian supporters in Congress eagerly joined with southerners to withhold funding for the delegation until the convention had ended. Also, Adams had resolved many foreign affairs issues that might have engaged him as President when he served as Monroe’s secretary of state. He had already secured the disarmament of the Great Lakes, fishing rights off of Canada, a U.S.-Canadian boundary, the accession of Florida, and a U.S.-Spanish border west of the Mississippi River giving America strong claim to the Pacific Coast in the Northwest. These were all issues that previously had brought the nation into open conflict with Britain. The resolution of these concerns, which had dominated American foreign policy for so many years, meant fewer projects for the State Department to tackle during the Adams administration.

Over a Dozen Cool Science Dating Ideas

Over a Dozen Cool Science Dating Ideas So, you used your favorite chemistry pick-up line and secured a date who appreciates your love of science. Heres a look at some types of dates that might be perfect if your sweetie is a scientist or is interested in science. Dinner and movie are still a good plan, especially with the right movie, but here are some additional dating ideas. Science Date Ideas Play a sport that involves science. Okay, so there is science in all sports, but bowling, billiards, and darts allow you to gauge momentum and consider trajectories and all that fun math stuff. Ice skating involves friction and angular momentum and possibly some experience with the effects of gravity. Skiing and sledding are also good choices, plus afterward, you get to snuggle up together to get warm again. Play a science board game together. My personal favorites are Nuclear War and its add-on, Nuclear Annihilation. Risk and chess are other great choices.Visit a museum, zoo, or planetarium, or catch a laser light show. Experiment with cryogenic materials together. Dipping flowers in liquid nitrogen are romantic, right? Pretty much anything involving liquid nitrogen or dry ice is fair game. If that sounds dangerous, you could always enjoy Dippin Dots (dry ice temperature) ice cream together. Play with fire. You knew this would be on my list somewhere, right? Light off fireworks tog ether or make your own. Make smores, but see if either or both of you can start the fire from scratch. Learn molecular gastronomy together. Grab a kit online or from a bookstore or follow along with videos online to prepare a meal that applies chemistry to make unusual food. You could also make interesting cocktails using the techniques. Play with a black light together. Check items around the house to see which ones glow when exposed to UV light. Explore science projects you can do using a black light. Grab a telescope and go stargazing. No telescope? Try binoculars or a camera with a zoom lens. If you do have a telescope, its pretty easy to grab photos of your observations using a cell phone, so you can remember the date. Grow magic rocks. You can gaze into each others eyes when youre not watching the pebbles grow into crystalline towers. Get a kit or make magic rocks from scratch. Break out the molecular model kit and make structures. If you dont have a kit, try using pretzels and gummy candies. Watch a movie. Surely you have a favorite science or science fiction movie! Bonus poin ts if its Star Wars and you dress like a character or bring a light saber. Break out the Lego set. Build together. Perform science experiments on real flowers. Flowers are romantic, right? Make a rainbow rose, a glow-in-the-dark flower, or simply color flowers using food coloring. You can perform paper chromatography on flowers to examine their pigments. Download and watch the very first episode of Doctor Who. Break out the paper and scissors. Cut out paper snowflakes. Make a Mobius strip. Make cute little hearts. Grow crystals. There are many household chemicals you can use to grow crystals. Rock candy or sugar crystals are the only ones youll want to taste-test. Order a pizza and play video games. Note to guys: this is only a good date if you pick a game she also enjoys playing (not just watching). Valentines Day  chemistry projects to try.

British Airline Vs Virgin Atlantic

British Airline Vs Virgin Atlantic Strategy is the core of all businesses, organisations and enterprises. It is now being used as an investment tool. The prescriptive school defines strategy as a special course of action, designed and implemented to attain overall objectives. Strategy management plays a vital role in businesses. In fact, the use of strategy in business planning is essential to achieve its objectives and future development (. This research study is an attempt to examine the effectiveness and efficiency of British Airways and Virgin Atlantic. The scope of this investigation is focused on; the implemented cooperate and business strategies that lead both BA and Virgin Atlantic into achieving comparative advantage over one another. British Airways was regarded as the world’s favorite airline according to the Academy of International Business (Undated version) with its main objective to project itself as a global airline. British Airways corporate mission is â€Å"To be the undisputed leader in wor ld travel†. The main aim of BA has always been to grow and develop in the economic sense (Tan reliability; quality of offering Value, service, and price based on differentiation. largest airline and flag carrier of the United Kingdom The second largest long haul airline in the UK and the third largest European carrier over the North Atlantic Aircraft purchases strategy is considered as an industry leader â€Å"benchmark†that influences other carrier’s decisions Airline Partners &Alliances / Franchising – one world partner airlines Innovation technological Company innovative features that distinguishes its name Environmental performance Social and Green (2005) Disposal of services or outsourcing Well-designed organisational structure Strong leadership development programme Management team lead by Richard Branson Appeal to wide variety of customers

Why do you think the way you think Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Why do you think the way you think - Essay Example I do not prefer change when something is working fine for me. I do not analyze or evaluate when something is not clear or accurate to me. I believe that being a narrow minded person there is no harm. I enjoy being a narrow minded, and I have not faced any serious problems in my life yet. I think that everyone has the right in this world to learn or understand others. I have not been into any complex process which makes me think less critically. Being narrow minded I am not open to new ideas. At times, I am dependent on objects, tools and machines rather than ideas of others but sometimes I think the way other people think or have experienced in their life. There are some situations where I lack in gathering information. I do not communicate with others that much regarding the problems I face. I do not search for evidence when making decisions. I do not make analysis on ideas and sometimes lack in understanding the concepts, information and attitudes. I do not judge people extremely quickly. During reasoning, I sometimes make common mistakes and face confusions. My thinking is based on my emotions and as a result I sometimes involve myself in arguments on things which I do not know. Sometimes I face problems in making others clear about my ideas because of lack in confidence. I always get hooked up by the usual and safe things. I have always preferred a safe side. In my life, so far, I have not stretched my efforts towards critical thinking as I think that I am not in th at stage. I always prefer to explore and accomplish things on my own rather than relying on others. I always prefer working with tools, objects etc instead of depending on ideas, people and data. Being a realistic person I am more of a practical mind, aggressive in nature and conservative at times. However, my communication level might be low because I do not tend to get involved in social activities. At

Mobile Payment Processing Systems and Analytics Research Paper

Mobile Payment Processing Systems and Analytics - Research Paper Example These standards provide the retailers and other merchants with a clear guidance on the payment process. Kaletunc (45) asserts that this kind of payment is very complex; hence, it is plausible for an entity to indulge in it when this technology is inevitably required. In addition, there are risks associated with the interlinking of card payments through mobile devices. The Mobile payment processing entails the use of credit cards on the mobile devices to effect payments with regard to various business transactions. Poor and Lang (37) posit that in this form of payment processing, any consumer handheld devices like the tablets and iPads can be used to effect payments. These devices can only serve as mobile payment processing devices when they get text data clearly. In fact, the consumers have the choice of providing their own mobile devices to effect payment. This has created efficiency and effectiveness in the payment processing due to the fact that the consumer traffic is eliminated and there is personal responsibility in case of any hitch in the payment processing. However, the scenario of the consumer bringing his own device for payment processing at the merchant business location has got its challenges. For instance, the merchant cannot manage to take control of the configuration of the client device. This compromises the retailer’s service delivery and it can culminate in craftiness and fraud among clients. The ‘payment card industry data security standards’ help in guiding the payment processes when the merchant has his own mobile device to serve customers. The standards ought to be complied with in order to avoid any inconvenience and probable fraud in the course of effecting of payment processing. This implies that the standards do not cover any eventuality pertaining to the mobile device ownership by the customers. In this regard, merchants must be very cautious and diligent while affecting the payment processing .This entails analyz ing the payment processes and verifying identity of various cards presented by the clients. The point of sale payment processing is the only scenario which applies with regard to the ‘payment card industry data security standards’. Sparck and Galliers (28) claim that square's mobile card reader technology is covered by the data security standards. The application of the mobile payment processing technology can only be successful when there is transaction security, application security and the mobile device security. There must be prevention of the customer account data from interception during the processing of payment. There must be prevention of data from interception while it is being transmitted from the mobile payment device. This is usually ensured through the use of strong encryption codes for the effecting of payment transactions. The merchants usually protect the customer’s account data through limitation of physical access to the device during transacti ng time. In fact, this is affected through the use of one-on-one service delivery at the point-of-sale (MobileReference, 37). This technological application should be protected from viruses, which destroy the customer payment data. For instance, the creation of malware, spams, Trojan and recycler computer viruses have led to massive destruction of vital documents online. This has also resulted in a total breakdown of some systems where no backup of documents

Why is the fiction important to our non-fiction world Essay

Why is the fiction important to our non-fiction world - Essay Example p inherent within the values that the non-fiction works advocate and thus it provides for strong reasoning that the non-fiction writing works are generally more open to debate and criticism than the fiction texts. In this non-fiction world, the society plays a great role at changing the way fiction is taken and studied at the same time. There is a sense of pessimism related with fiction as it reflects barely upon the society and its criticism which is more or less a pictorial representation of stating the facts and truths as and when they unfold. Fiction essays and pieces of criticism look to solve the maze that develops within a reader’s mind from time to time. Since he is fed with so much information and data on his side, he is unaware of the glorified ways that his life can turn into with the reading of fiction by his side. They seem to hide within the walls of fiction and remain on the backburner of different issues for most of the instances. (Ziolkowski, 1997) The reader goes in a deep cave, away from the practicalities of life and finds an escape route within fiction. What this offers is the other side of the truth. Fiction essays provide mystery, romance and so much more to the idle mind, which is also idealistic in nature. Literature has left an indelible impression on the minds of the common people within the society, be it in the form of fiction or non-fiction. Literature has opened up avenues of the thought process and has given them insight on different subjects, events, situations and generally about people. What is now reality seemed to be a craving in the distant past since literature was not easily accessible by the commoners and they had to pay for it to make it their own. Fiction has seemed to play a pivotal role within the world realms as it presents the ‘other’ side of the world in a way. It makes people look ideal from an irrational setting. They become super-humans as a matter of fact. Thus fiction portrays the desires and cravings of